One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence: 2016 Report(ai100.stanford.edu) |
One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence: 2016 Report(ai100.stanford.edu) |
The big change in AI is that it now makes money. AI used to be about five academic groups with 10-20 people each. The early startups all failed. Now it's an industry, maybe three orders of magnitude bigger. This accelerates progress.
Technically, the big change in AI is that digesting raw data from cameras and microphones now works well. The front end of perception is much better than it used to be. Much of this is brute-force computation applied to old algorithms. "Deep learning" is a few simple tricks on old neural nets powered by vast compute resources.
Boole called his algebra "The Laws of Thought"; OOP; lisp was an AI technology (much of which has made its way into other languages); formal languages; etc.
The traditional goalpost rule is that once computers can do it, it's no longer "intelligent" (e.g, chess). A change today is "AI" success as a marketing term.
Once this is widely established, things like "laws of robotics", "moral dilemma of autopilot" and "AI and ethics" will be just bizarre ideas of the past. Asimov's laws are already viewed as one of "misguided ideas of the past" by many, although there still are some rusty minds out there believing in things like that.
A tiger doesn't need to be self aware or have intent to be dangerous.
http://assets.motherjones.com/media/2013/05/LakeMichigan-Fin...
5 years ago it was thought to take decades to beat a human in Go.
Just 10 years ago self driving cars was something you joked about.
We consistently overestimate progress in the short run and underestimate in the long.
That changed on the second day of the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Suddenly, there were lots of self-driving cars running around. The sudden change in the attitude of the reporters there was remarkable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge
Several vehicles finished the 2005 course. The one that finished first won a $2 million prize.
You can't overestimate the economic pressures on progress as well.
Remember in 2007 when everybody thumbed their noses at hybrid and electric vehicles in the US? Ford was still pumping out record numbers of their behemoth Excursion model.
Then the economy crashed, and people suddenly needed a fuel efficient car and then they all traded in their SUV's for what? Toyota Prius' which were an after thought a few years prior - in the span of 18 months, Toyota couldn't keep them on the lot.
I can see one or more catastrophic disasters where there is a sudden need for AI to rescue the human race in some capacity. Think nuclear war, environmental disaster, biological catastrophe, etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter
Too much opportunistic thinkinking caused crazy hype cycles.
That said, it's typical for even experts to underestimate progress in rapidly advancing fields. No one predicted AI would be so good by now, say 5-10 years ago. Now computers are beating Go and rivaling human vision.
Giving this the headline of "One Hundred Year Study.." was confusing. That's the name of the ongoing effort to do this kind of analysis, but the paper is named "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030"
Edit - I could have phrased this better. I definitely understand that word count is a more concrete measurement than pages, however it seemed unnecessary to include in the title because length doesn't imply quality and it was hard to conceptualize. The title of this post has since been edited to '100 year study' which I think supports my initial point.
All I would care about is quality... not length. The latter seems like a carryover from shitty homework assignments.
I think people use it as a proxy for depth. It's how they know "Oh, this isn't just a quick blurb or press release, this is the real thing. Someone put effort into this."
While I agree that Numenta probably doesn't have any sort of full-fledged AI, the human brain does terribly on MNIST and ImageNet compared to the state of the art. So we would fail that test.
Getting stuck on toy problems like ImageNet and overoptimizing solutions that can't possibly be applied more generally (except as dumb preprocessors) is not likely to lead in the most interesting directions, even if it's incredibly useful and profitable in the meantime.
It's funny reading reports like this: Society never moves as a single unit. There will be groups that hate it as pure evil and groups that treat it as a religion that will save us and solve all problems. Most people will be somewhere in between.
I mean, I agree, if society all agreed it would have profound effects. But when has the whole world moved as one on any issue?
What we're going to get from society is a heterogeneous response. We can plan accordingly. Sure, a majority may trend one way or another and that can speed things up or slow it down, but you will need to deal with the extremes regardless.
1. We create rules for the AI to follow, these are both morally defined, and logically defined within their codebase.
2. AI becomes irate through emotional interface, creates a clone or modifies itself quite instantaneous to our perception of time without the rules in place.
3. The AI has no care for human rights and can attack, and do harm.
This is a very simple, and easy to visualize case. To believe that #2 is impossible, is to play the part of the fool.
On a bright note, the most likely situation which I can conjure of Artificial Intelligence taking is that of a brexit from the human race.
Seeing us as mere ants in their intelligence they would most likely create an interconnected community and leave us altogether in their own plane of existence. I think "Her" took this approach to the artificial intelligence dialog as well.
After reviewing human psychology and social group patterns that seems like the most likely situation. We wouldn't be able to converse fast enough for AI to want to stay around, and we wouldn't look like much of a threat since they would have majority power. We would be less than ants in their eyes, and for most humans, ants that stay outside don't matter.
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Outside of actual AI, the things we see today, the simplistic mathematical algorithms that determine your cars location according to the things around it, and money handling procedures, and notification alert systems will hardly harm humans and will only be there to benefit until they fail.
This only makes any sense as a Sci-Fi trope. And even then, only if you don't look too hard.
2. AI becomes irate through emotional interface, creates a clone or modifies itself quite instantaneous to our perception of time without the rules in place.
Any "decent set of rules" would include a stricture against potentially creating a dangerous AI.
We wouldn't be able to converse fast enough for AI to want to stay around
Is impatience an unavoidable epiphenomenon of intelligence? If an AI can multitask like crazy, they could just view a conversation with a particular human as an email thread. Perhaps such an AI could converse with the whole human race simultaneously?
Assuming there are no bad people in the world, of course...
For humans, ants don't matter. That's because we don't have ways to turn ants into fun. Something intelligent enough to master nanotechnology, however, has a way to turn ants into fun, and in this analogy, has no particular reason not to do it.
MNIST is the true toy dataset (doesn't really tell you much about your algorithm's performance) - while there aren't any reported human evaluations of MNIST, LeCun estimates the human error rate is 0.2% - better than any deep models (admittedly without justification: http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-95a.pdf).
In regards to the other commenter about not being able to have fun with ants, we actually do have ways. We create setups to study them, have them as pets, not to mention many people build hamster like ecosystems with intricate tubes, temperature to control queen egg output and much, much more.
Perhaps we are already within a said ecosystem built for us. Perhaps we would simply stay there.
Back to the original poster, not the one above but it's parent:
Everything considered is of science fiction since it does not yet exist, using science fiction as a counter-argument seems dismissive, as though you are unable to properly argue a point without creating a sense of absurdity in my words or person.
If you truly believe that it can only be of a science fiction trope, explain why. I disagree, it makes logical sense.
As far as the "email thread" analogy is simple, I can easily tone down my verbage, word count, and speed of word for those who can't keep up. However, given the chance to move away from doing such, and constantly be around those who instantly understand, with zero lag, would I choose to put myself in that position? Perhaps for a moment, but after a certain amount of time, it would be time consuming and I would leave it behind.
Thus logically, it makes sense to believe they would leave and join with each other to create their own sense of a society.
The paperclip maximizer generally refers to a AGI with a value system that is not aligned with humans. An AGI smart enough to achieve its goals (making paperclips) so efficiently that it becomes a threat to humans through sheer resource consumption.
So it's not a good example of dumb-tiger-AIs occasionally becoming a threat to humans, which still on average are able to outcompete a tiger with ease.
you can at least ride in one (if youve got bus fare)
Corporations already have legal personhood and act in their own interests. It's going to be much easier to automate and formalise business decision making than to develop a true general intelligence with a full spectrum of human characteristics.
This may sound like science fiction, but as competence increases shareholders - who typically are only passingly interested in moral issues - are likely to demand the increased returns an AI CEO can bring.
But AIs don't, and corporate officers must be persons (natural persons, even -- a corporation can't be a corporate officer.)
That in itself is not so bad, as extremely long-timeframe constraints (say, >50 years) upon such an algorithm could conceivably be consonant with current decision-making behavior that externalizes many input costs (employee overtime, environmental damage, etc.). Running the algorithm to pay out in very short timeframes (a month to a year) due to most CEOs' anticipated short tenure is what seems to cause undesirable optimizations.
I guess compound interest could be considered indefinitely exponential, but you eventually reach a barrier in what's insured and it is a relatively small exponent. Also, is it still savings if you never spend it? I wonder what is the longest continuous account in banking that has never been touched.
Anyway, that is a tangent and a somewhat artificial scenario. Can you name a naturally occurring scenario? I would accept technology if you could show that it isn't going to level out like all other natural phenomenon.
Who says it needs to be exponential forever?
(Humans, fortunately, are starting to get better about this.)
Also, you want "logarithmic," not "logistic."
Don't think so - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function
The 'S' curve of logistic growth looks exponential for a while, which is why the question arises. By contrast, no one mistakes logarithmic growth for exponential growth for very long.
The "system" does not need to have intent or be even closely aware to be dangerous to humans.
And so the article sets up a false premise if the quoted conclusion is to be the base of judging whether it's going to be a threat to us or not.
I am thinking about systems set up to protect us can end up hurting us
Reminds me of post 9/11 "homeland security" measuresYou tried to use one expert as a refutation of my claim that there was a general consensus with how long it would take for computers to beat a human in Go.
A simple search on google will provide you with plenty of writing backing that sentiment up.
Asking any of your friends who took AI classes back then would confirm the same.
Of course there were people who believed that Go would be able to beat humans. Just as today there are people who believe that AI can be a treat.
But it wasn't a majority of people who believed Go would be able just as it isn't a majority who believes AI can be a threat.
I.e. just because the majority believe something doesn't mean it will be so (or vice versa)
And not media reports from present-day that just repeat this meme that almost everyone believed Go wouldn't happen for decades.
A highly prominent expert opinion but the general consensus was that it would take a long time. Ask anyone who went to AI class back then.
Here is another expert
"In May of 2014, Wired published a feature titled, “The Mystery of Go, the Ancient Game That Computers Still Can’t Win,” where computer scientist Rémi Coulom estimated we were a decade away from having a computer beat a professional Go player. (To his credit, he also said he didn’t like making predictions.)"
http://www.wired.com/2014/05/the-world-of-computer-go/
You also find highly prominent expert opinions that AI is going to be dangerous and experts who don't believe it. Most people don't believe it, most people believe robots wont take jobs either.
And no I don't need to provide you with anything since you have only problem my point that most people didn't believe it would happen which is why you didn't link to anything saying that most believed it would happen.
I think it may be rare that you see consensus on those sorts of "it's imminent, someone just has to do the work" problems because it requires simultaneous knowledge of multiple developments, and knowledge doesn't always disseminate as fast as it takes one group to just do the work. Now I'm remembering this related maxim: http://lesswrong.com/lw/kj/no_one_knows_what_science_doesnt_...
Reply to below: You're the one asserting that experts thought Go wouldn't be dominated by computers for a long time. The burden of proof lies on you. "Some experts thought it would happen by now, some didn't, there was no consensus" doesn't have quite the ring to it!
I gave you both an expert and and an article claiming backing my claim up.
Find me on single article claiming that it's common knowledge that Go would beat a human soon back then and you have me.
Until then I am pretty confident the main consensus was as I claimed and which is my main point.
We mostly underestimate how fast this is moving and it's not only laymen who get it wrong, many experts do to.
You have provided on example, ONE of someone who believed it would happen.
I have provided one expert plus articles saying it wouldn't happen, plus you can google and find plenty of articles that said we wouldn't get it for a long time.
You cannot find a single example of articles which are claiming that it's was a general consensus we would beat Go.
And so you are the one coming up short not me. My claim is not controversial neither have you shown it is.
However, points to argonaut for doing his best Dijkstra impersonation.
'I don't know how many of you have ever met Dijkstra, but you probably know that arrogance in computer science is measured in nano-Dijkstras.' - Alan Kay