Qualities of clean code(blog.goyello.com) |
Qualities of clean code(blog.goyello.com) |
All the horrid Java libraries that we hated working with 10 years ago were created because of slavish devotion to the single responsibility principle, short methods, DRY, and testability. The absolute worst codebases I've ever seen sprung from an overaggressive concern for extensibility.
I do agree with the guiding principle, that when you're writing code, it should be written for other people to read and work with. But sometimes that actually does mean that a class should represent an object that does more than one thing, and you shouldn't fight it. Sometimes a gritty algorithm really does make the most sense if it's laid out as a 40 line function in one place rather than spread across 5 different classes so each part is independently swappable and testable. Sometimes you really don't need extensibility, you know that up-front, and building it in just pisses off everyone that ever has to touch your code because now they have to go through five or six "Find implementing classes" dances to find the actual code that runs when your interface methods (of which, of course, there's only a single implementation) are called. Don't even get me started on abuses of dependency injection when it's not necessary...
Part of me is glad that these concepts are so commonly discussed, because they really are good things to consider, and can make code much tidier and easier to work with in the best case. But it takes a lot of experience to know when and where you should and shouldn't follow these "rules", and it tends to be much easier to unwind a novice's spaghetti code and tidy it up than it is to pick apart a poorly conceived tangle of abstraction and put it back together in a way that makes sense.
There is 3 levels of programmers.
Level 1 is the beginner. A level 1 programmer is barely able to make a complete app or lib. His work simply rarely works. The code has no sense, is full of bugs, it's a complete mess, and the user has a very poor experience (if an experience at all).
Then comes the level 2 programmer. The novice. The novice learnt about OOP, design patterns, DRY, single responsability principle, importance of testing, etc. The only problem with the level 2 programmer is that he overdoes everything. He is victim of overengineering. He is able to make a complete app with a decent UX and the quality of the code is dramatically better, but his productivity is low. Really, really low. Everything takes month. Every single change is a project. 10 actual lines of codes need to be changed? That's 10 classes, 250 lines of unit tests, it requires 3 classes to be refactored, and on and on.
Finally, there is the level 3 programmer. The level 3 programmer is a programmer that does level 2 programming in a smarter way. His first principle is less code. That doesn't mean the code must be complete shit, but the level 3 engineer understand the real enemy and that all problems grow with it exponentially: code. The level 3 programmer knows, understand and apply the principles of the level 2 programmer, but he just does the right amount of them. Not too much.
If he has to, the level 3 programmer gonna err on the side of the level 1 code and will avoid as much as he can level 2 code. That's because level 1 code cost less to fix than level 2 code.
Now here comes my point: a level 2 programmer read and write articles that is about how to not be a level 1 programmer.
I've been doing this recently and had a hard time justifying it even to myself. It just felt right. And you've got it - it's easier to fix dumb code, than refactor an overengineered mess.
> Now here comes my point: a level 2 programmer read and write articles that is about how to not be a level 1 programmer.
You're making me understand the current programming "scene" much better, especially the plethora of self-aggrandizing blog posts I tend to see today.
I wish I could upvote you twice.
A good, easy to understand codebase is one that has a minimal number of components that interact with each other in a well-organized and easty-to-understand manner. Those components, in turn, should each be made of a minimal number of sub-components that interact with each other in a clear, well-organized manner. And on down until you hit bedrock. Doing this is essential because it sets up boundaries that limit the amount of code and interactions that you need to juggle in your head at any one moment.
A programmer who doesn't understand this will produce horrible, tangled, tightly-coupled code regardless of whether they're doing it with a boiling soup of global variables or a boiling soup composed together from tiny "well-factored" classes that all implement interfaces containing only a single CQRS-compliant method.
I'd submit that there's another level of programmer, let's call it the SubGenius programmer (because the term tickles me) who thinks that levels 1, 2 and 3 programmers all share a sloppy work ethos and need to spend more time stepping back to keep an eye on how the forest looks instead of obsessing about trees all the time.
The level 2 programmer knows that the tomato is a fruit. The level 3 programmer knows that it is not a good idea to put it in a fruit salad.
I agree with you, but it feels a little like a false dichotomy. You can pretty easily decompose a long function into multiple smaller ones, within the same file. ~40 lines is close to the breaking point IMO. If it grows much beyond that, you can probably see groups of 10+ lines of code that have some sane subset of inputs/outputs. Toss those lines in another function, give it a name, make sure it's not exported outside of this file. If the 40+ line function gets reduced to a 10-20 line one with a few more stack frames, it is probably worth it.
If it's 100,000 lines of code, and you break stuff every 40 lines, you have now introduced 2500 procedures many of which don't really need to exist. But because they do exist, anyone who comes along now has to understand this complex but invisible webbing that ties the procedures together -- who calls who, when and under what conditions does this procedure make sense, etc.
It introduces a HUGE amount of extra complexity into the job of understanding the program.
(Also you'll find the program takes much longer to compile, link, etc, harming workflow).
I regularly have procedures that are many hundreds of lines, sometimes thousands of lines (The Witness has a procedure in it that is about 8000 lines). And I get really a lot done, relatively speaking. So I would encourage folks out there to question this 40-line idea.
See also what John Carmack has to say about this:
http://number-none.com/blow/blog/programming/2014/09/26/carm...
/**
* get the leaf node as a string
* @param obj the json object to operate on
* @param path the dot path to use
* @return the leaf node if present <b>and textual</b>, otherwise null
*/
public static String leafString(ObjectNode obj, String path) {
JsonNode leaf = leaf(obj, path);
return leaf != null && leaf.isTextual()
? leaf.asText()
: null;
} The KISS principle states that most systems work best if they are kept simple rather than made complex
Therefore, simplicity should be a key goal in design, and
unnecessary complexity should be avoided. YAGNI is a
practice encouraging to purely focus on the simplest
things that make your software work.
(edit:formatting)
"The wrong abstraction is worse than no abstraction" comes to mind here. Very simple, repeated code that is unlikely to change (or unlikely to change everywhere at once because things are unrelated and just happen to do the same thing... -for now-) is much easier to read and maintain than short, clever, DRYed up code.
I'm big on linting code though... For me the more everyone's code looks the same the easier it is to read without doing mental gymnastics.
One of the reasons I enjoyed learning and writing Go was that it sort of encouraged keeping things "tight"
Often times programmers look at lines of code or number of classes written as a source of pride, when we really should be looking at these things as expenditures.
Slavish adherence to these principles (with the exception of DRY) violates one of my core principles: write the least code possible to solve a problem.
The single responsibility principle in particular isn't what I'd consider a fundamental principle of good code since it often can lead to writing an awful lot of unnecessary boilerplate. Short methods are similar (if a method is called only once I often consider that a code smell).
I think the culture of Java is also partly responsible for this: grand architectural designs are valued over terseness and simplicity. A system with stack traces as high as your arm are seen as something to be proud of.
For an instance of how it depends, see the classic Forth example for implementing a washing machine driver:
...
: RINSE FAUCETS OPEN TILL-FULL FAUCETS CLOSE ;
...
: WASHER WASH SPIN RINSE SPIN ;
Function calls should make things clearer, not less clear because of some other principle (like DRY or single responsibility or testability etc.). That's ultimately where I think the JavaLand culture has gone wrong, all these abstractions (many of them caused by being forced to live in a Kingdom of Nouns) that are sometimes quite useful in the large are always a pain in the small, but many times the small is all that is needed. Big projects are slowly learning they don't need to be so big, they can instead be a set of independent smaller projects, but it'll take more time.
Well I certainly disagree; it often makes sense to separate out a singly-called function if for no other reason than to be able to unit test that functionality individually.
The problem, of course, is that your critical thinking needs experience before you truly become capable of deciding if a particular principle should be followed or broken in a particular case.
In short, I think guidelines help, but you have to walk the path to know the path.
Anyway, it's all about UX. Certain types of programmers will want a certain types of interfaces. A well designed library will have been crafted to meet those programmers specific use cases.
I'd agree that finding the right level of abstraction is hard, easy to misjudge even for an experienced programmer with YAGNI in mind, and that you can do more damage by over-abstracting than not abstracting. Most programmers experience this the hard way sooner or later.
I'd disagree that having objects/functions do more than one thing or not be able to be pulled apart into individually testable units can be a good thing - except in very rare cases, or to compromise with existing legacy code.
Would you mind giving an example of where an object should do more than one thing?
Over-concern for extensibility is just a really big problem.
I've had one discussion that stood out. We were talking about functional programming and I said that the idea of functional programming was the segregate state to the smallest unit of computation that must operate on it. I was met with my "friend" just blindly telling me to "stop saying that". I asked for a counter argument to that statement but they just said that I should stop saying that.
We as a community are horrible at speaking about code quality , evaluating each others work, and even just sifting out opinions from facts. It's crazy and it's something that needs to change if we want to take our field to a future where we can all be happy with the code we are writing.
I've got some suggestions I'm happy to talk to others about. My email is in my about page on this website. Please comment here or email me and I'd like to talk about this!
The single responsibility principle should really be "exactly one" rather than "not more than one". If a function is responsible for less than a whole thing, it shouldn't be a function on its own.
This is something I was learning when I was working in Swift, in a WWDC video they called it local reasoning; being able to reason about the code in one particular function without having to worry about state changes elsewhere. Now working in C# it seems to be a common thing to pass an object by reference to a bunch of different functions to fill in it's values and map properties. If you do too much of that it can become a maintenance and debugging nightmare when a property didn't map up the way you wanted it to.
I also agree with what was said in a different comment about not breaking functions up too much if it's not necessary and that would help eliminate this need to modify state in so many places.
This is a tenet that will lead inexperienced developers astray. This "rule" is just too ambiguous. Extensibility is a fascination for object-oriented programmers but in my experience doesn't have a lot of successful examples. Typically I have seen this manifest itself in either a Command+Composite style where every meaningful class is a composite of other SRP classes, or in a proliferation of interfaces that seldom have method definitions and are instead used to enforce coding standards or dependencies.
KISS is incompatible with this rule and you should kill this rule with fire because simple is not extensible. Perhaps when the goal is extensibility then should you consider other developers, but if you are developing a "beige" application then you should not consider extensibility. Instead, just assume that release management will handle changes, i.e. another developer will update rather than extend your class and that will be released in version 1.1.
Of course, to do this also means admitting that version 1.0 of your class was pretty much garbage and that it needed to be "extended". Tough pill to swallow for some.
The idea in Unix is that data are the interface, in case of Unix the data are unstructured text, but I think it can be generalized to systems with structured data. So contrary to OOP, most extensible systems seem to be the ones that (self)document their data structures as interface and leave it at that.
Maybe there should be a 'click-bait' button on HN with which we can report things as such, along with posts such as 'Why I won't be using popular-technology-x ever again' and '10 things I hate about SQL'
Not sure I agree with this one. While abstractions are a great way to reduce the length of code, sometimes they break readability. When you read code, sometimes, you feel like you don't read a solution to your problem, but a way to solve your problem masked behind abstractions far removed from the domain concepts.
That's why, sometimes, redundancy is better than the wrong abstraction.
Consider a biography: you could simply collect facts about a person and write them in an arbitrary order and call it a biography. It could be a complete and accurate account, and still be impossible to read or follow.
Well written code is not only complete, but it also guides the reader through the logic.
Consider the difference between:
statuses = []
reporter = Reporter.new
jobs.each do |job|
statuses << job.complete && !job.error
end
job_statuses = jobs.map do |job|
job.complete && !job.error
end
job_status_reporter = Reporter.new
I always find that map() methods tend to obscure the purpose of the values whereas a simple appears more explicit.
Not sure how giving less information is preferred over being explicit, but hey, whatever works for you.
I remember when looking into neural nets, the basic python code to get one running was super easy for me to understand. However, I also realize that the optimal, most efficient methods of neural network libraries are way more complicated (and for good reason).
This one sentence should be guiding principle for any set of recommendations. Programmers should tape it to the top of their monitor. Programs difficult to reason about are hard to get working and hard to debug and hard to maintain.
In my opinion, this is the key requirement of "good" or clean code. Likewise, programming languages that facilitate this are "better" programming languages.
Depending upon the goals of a program there can be other important requirements (for example, efficiency), but however the program is constructed it should be as easy to reason about as possible given the constraints imposed by these other requirements.
Recognizing this, I tend to pick programming languages that make my programs easier to reason about and tend to program in a style that makes informal reasoning easier. For kernel development, programming in C was appropriate (back when I was doing it) because I needed to know exactly what was going on in the machine in response to the code. At the other end of the scale, straightforward Python code often results in such short programs that they fit entirely on one screen and are consequently easy to understand and reason about.
This style of programming has led me to be very impatient with the "keep debugging" until you think it works style of development. I tend to think that each bug found is evidence of the presence of more bugs.
>> Programs difficult to reason about are hard to get
>> working and hard to debug and hard to maintain.
Well said (currently programming by dead reckoning).
Therefore write everything in Prolog.
In a SaaS environment the code needn't be extensible as there is only 1 copy of it. It is much more important for the code to be changeable, rather than extensible and in many cases the things you do to make code extensible make it harder to alter fundamentally.
Its important to understand that how you deliver your software is one of the biggest guiding factors in how you design your software and take that into account.
Good code, you can search it... even if the majority of it is unfamiliar. Find a piece, and say "oh this is probably the spot" with out ever executing it.
An excerpt: We are practically the only industry where completion and success are synonymous. If the foundation of a one-year-old home is crumbling and its roof is plagued with leaks, would anybody actually call that a success? Despite being filmed and produced on budget, is there anyone who would not be ashamed to have Gigli on their filmography? Of course not! So why are the products we create – complex information systems that should last at least fifteen years – be held to a different standard?
Now think back those projects of yours. How many would you say are maintainable by someone with less business knowledge and a weaker grasp of the system’s design? How many will not snowball into an unmaintainable mess? How many do you truly believe could last fifteen years? I’ll bet that number is quite a bit lower than all of them.
Coincidentally, the number of projects where the client offers to pay for tens of man years is also quite low. This is something I'd recommend to be taken into consideration by armchair philosophers portraying the state of the software industry.
I write code that I come back to and don't understand, and realise its terribly complex because I understood everything at the time, but could not imagine what it would be like coming back after a month to make a change, or for someone new to try to understand it.
Code is for people to understand.
Some people think its for being able to write good tests, eliminating all side-effects and shared state, for the computer to be able to run quickly and optimise, to be easy to read.
But its really just about being able to be understood. Most time will be spent in maintenance.
When you modify and debug, you are diving into the middle. You are not walking through the code base from the beginning and reading all the comments.
It needs to be understandable from all locations.
I'm a strong believer in micro-modules. Left pad et. al. I try to create small modules which do one thing well that I can trust and not have to think about.
This quote always sticks in my mind :)
I can remember a instance, when I started my carrier. I was a JS developer. I wrote a module with Functors, Compose, Partial etc.
In code review my team told they didn't understand anything and reading such a code is not pleasant for them. I was upset, I was thinking why my team is not happy with it.
Today I can make lot of sense; stick to the pattern/design of your team. If your team follows / loves functional programming in your project, stick to it. If not try to advice them why functional programming would be better than normal approach.
End of the day, all it matters is writing simple, elegant code which others can understand.
The easier it is to remove code from someone else's program, the "cleaner" the code.
That's my definition of "clean code".
For example, I just had to edit the code for a text-only browser to remove a few "features". For example, the author recently decided it would be a good idea to non-interactively access no-content refs in a page such as "prefetch" and other garbage.
But then, contrary to intuition, a program becomes less clean by actually removing code (since now there is less code to remove, hence it is more difficult to remove code). A minimal (in the sense that no more code can be removed) program would be maximally unclean, whereas, intuitively, should it not be considered clean?
Also, adding code always makes a program cleaner, since the newly added code can always be removed easily.
Or else what happens?
"... should it not be considered clean?"
It should be considered finished.
"... since the newly added code can always be removed easily."
Not true in my experience. Unfortunately.
Sometimes it's necessary to add some code, e.g., a new driver for a new item of hardware. I have nothing against adding, per se.
Yes, most things in the article are nice to have, but you can't teach everything in a month and people need to be prodcutive to be worth their money.
When this rule is not respected:
1) You end up with lot of coupling
2) Unit tests end up with a lot of overhead
Also the article is from 2013, did these exist then?
I'm passing on this article.
Just because you know it doesn't mean everyone else does.
In reality it is probably a lot more like learning how to apply any other concept, it takes practice, yet we don't spend enough time practicing our craft. This is particularly a problem because in the course of developing a product you will only get to implement a new solution to a problem a few times at best, or once more likely. This means we don't get enough experience with the different possible approaches to really internalize what a 'good' solution looks like.
We spend much more time learning the software development approach du jour, XP, Scrum, Kanban, Lean, etc. It doesn't matter what software development approach you use if the output is an unmaintainable mess of code.
That's insane! I think that a goal of any programming course around the world should instill the idea that getting your peers to modify and read your code is a must in our industry. People need to be able to com along, see what you've done, and understand it.
If anyone want's to comment on my code that I'm talking about in this example it can be found here:
Implementation: https://git.gravypod.com/gravypod/school/tree/master/cs280/h...
Assignment: https://web.njit.edu/~gwryan/CS280/CS280-Program-1-Fall-2016...
I've attempted to live up to what I think is "good code" but no one want's to tell me if I'm right or wrong or even discuss this for fear of hurting my feelings I presume. I always get "run valgrind or a linter on it" and I've done that and come up with no ways for improvement. Everything is all opinion and no fact in this business of code cleanliness although this should be a cornerstone topic for the software development industry.
I also learn from other mistakes as well. I has a habit of inlining conditionals in python -
if False : continue
Keeping the logic as close to the data as possible helps as well (ideally in the data schema if possible). I think Linus's quote about bad programmers worry about the code, good programmers worry about the data and their relationships is true for most of not all levels of the stack.
I'd say one of the few people in the world who has given grade-a examples is Rob Pike. That said I don't agree with him on much but I do very much respect his talent for simplicity. I'm directly referring to his Regex parser. It's amazing work although I'd much rather see him implement it live from scratch.
Something like the SICP lectures on youtube. It's amazing what they go over and do in that class and how they teach you about abstracting your problem domain.
You can discuss it with me.
Since ageism is a hot topic now: This is one point where experience pays off. The graybeard has acquired a better gut feeling when something is necessary and when it is not.
The point of a forum (usually) is to promote discussion. I click on article written about stuff I know all the time. Reading the article might not tell me anything new, but the comment discussion can bring up new points or challenge existing norms that make me reconsider why I do the things I do.
One thing is code execution paths for later debugging. All else equal, code is simpler if everything you need to figure out what something does is in one place. Basically, minimizing the distance you need to travel in order to get related information. Keep variables closer to where you use them, etc.
There's some programming language specific stuff. A for loop that does a mapping is more complicated than calling a map on the collection. More generally, a program is simpler if it uses more specific abstractions, rather than using a very general abstraction in a highly specified way.
Likely, there's more than I'm completely forgetting but will recognize as general principles that I use.
Who was right?
[NB Obviously, I was right, but it would help if there was some objective measure of complexity to justify it ;-)]
1. Clearly map the code/functions to the specs of what it does almost line by line.
2. The code is expressed in a way simple enough for one person to understand it and verify it by hand.
3. The code is expressed in a way simple enough for a machine to verify it should someone want to try.
4. Minimal to no global effects/state happening in the local code.
These principles tend to result in code that's correct and easy to modify. I say they're a start on some objective measure of simplicity. We could empirically [dis]prove them as well with tests of various coding styles on people and tooling.
In the extreme case (the empty program), there is no more code left to remove. It suffices that any proper subset of the code is insufficient to provide the needed functionality, though.
> It should be considered finished.
And yet you obtain a cleaner version of the finished program by adding superfluous code to it. In fact, every unfinished version (a version where you can still remove code) of the program is cleaner than a finished version (where there is no code left to remove) of it.
> Not true in my experience. Unfortunately.
Removing the code is reverting back to the previous version. How is that not easy to do?
> Sometimes it's necessary to add some code, e.g., a new driver for a new item of hardware. I have nothing against adding, per se.
But that changes the requirements, and thus changes which code can be removed.
However, the point was that you could obtain an arbitrarily clean version of a program by adding redundant code to it—since it's easy to remove that code, it is cleaner than the irredundant version of the program.
1. The author does not provide access to his/her source code repository, only compressed tarballs.
2. The author's code is not clean.
You appear to have some issue with my "definition" of clean code. I do not follow your points but maybe I can state it another way: Code that is easy to edit is clean code. If that definition is still giving you trouble, you think it's unreasonable, etc., let me know.
Blindly following anything -- especially nuanced, process-driven ideological frameworks -- is a recipe for a disaster.
KISS and YAGNI are examples of processes that require the person who is using them to actually think through the implications within the context of the problem being solved.
KISS and YAGNI did not cause the atrocities that you've seen. Those complex beasts of code existed because the team fundamentally didn't understand what they were doing.
It's like "agile" software development. Just declaring that you're following an agile methodology and scheduling stand-ups does not mean that you're going to be successful. It takes someone (and usually, many someones) who understand how to iteratively design and develop to be successful.
> It just takes a non-obvious path, and a few months of code and requirements evolution.
Can you expand on this comment? I'm interested in understanding what you mean by "non-obvious path".
Yep. That's the point, that's why I pointed it was blind.
Many people blindly follow and impose that kind of ideology. Most people that even mention YAGNI outside of a classroom are blind followers (for DRY things are more diverse).
By non-obvious path I mean things (requirement, underlining systems, user base size) changing in a way that was not unquestionably and blatantly obvious.
I can't agree with you more. Thank you for the follow-up.
Following KISS and YAGNI means you hard code lots of assumptions. When the requirements change, it means you have to fix all those subtle hard-coded assumptions everywhere and that is usually hard.
I disagree that level 1 programmers necessarily produce poor code. But they're stuck at such a low level of understanding of abstractions that they either abuse abstractions to hell (but not in a level 2 sense) or don't use them at all.
The good level 3 programmer understands that there are times to call a function, times to create class hierarchies, times to create generators, times to use high level abstractions. But they generally err on the side of lower abstractions, or higher abstractions only where they aid clarity, reduces true redundancy, or similar.
But the most important thing about a level 3 programmer is that they aren't dogmatic. Dogma both frees and constrains the developer. It frees them from the requirement to think, because dogma says "thou shalt" and "thou shalt not". It constrains them because when things fall outside the dogma, they want to make the heretical code conform, or they discard it and start over.
Very True!
I once worked with about 1.5 million LOC worth of "naive" PHP code. It was one big e-commerce system. The SSOT principle wasn't followed, certain assumptions were scattered all over the place.
For example the fact that a product could only ever belong to a single size group. The task we were given was to remove this constraint. It took a few man-years of work, because it was hardcoded EVERYWHERE, from database scripts to frontend JS. And don't even get me started on how many bugs angry customers encountered before it got kind of stable.
It wasn't overengineered, just dumb, and a lot of it. I'd much prefer having to deal with some matryoshka OOP abstractions - they could be merged, simplified etc. In such case there are certain tricks in our disposal. Tricks that scale. If it's just a big ball of mud: not much you can do. It's pretty much a physical job, like counting grains of sand on the beach.
If you want to increase flexibility later, like "remove the constraint that a product could only ever belong to a single size group", it inherently means to hunt down all the places where this assumption has been hard-coded.
Should you err on the side of flexibility or simplicity? Simplicity means the assumption hunt is costly, but maybe you never need it (YAGNI). Err for flexibility, you pay the constant cost of dealing with the API complexity, but you surely avoid some costly assumption hunts.
Usually, startup prefer simplicity because they will pivot anyways. In contrast, enterprise prefers flexibility, so they can plan years ahead and things stay in the budget.
I was recently passed off a project from someone who didn't have a development background but had been working on C++... the amount of copy-paste, repetitive if statements and fixed length arrays makes the original code almost completely unusable and I was forced to suggest a total rewrite.
You can refactor as you go. It doesn't save you from sifting through the entire ball of mud, but at least it means you won't have to do it again in quite such a bad way.
I think also what you're talking about is a function of programmer skill. I think if you have a good programmer write a 1000-line procedure, and a bad programmer write a 1000-line procedure, you are going to get drastically different things ... just like with anything.
A good example of a 1000+ line function I've written for business applications was for processing JSON for the initial state of a web app. You have a lot of data coming in, you need to do a lot of verification and transcribing backend data structures to frontend data structures. It's easier to do it all in one place than it is to break it into many little functions that only get called once anyway.
switch(JSON.someparam) {
case A: //code to translate A_server -> A_client
case B: //code to translate B_server -> B_client
...
}
My experience has been that people on HN tend to interpret that part of the posting a little more extrapolatingly than I do. I think he is saying something pretty obvious, which is that when you can structure things in terms of pure functions, you don't have to worry about the side-effects that are one of the main issues you need to contend with when factoring things apart.
This is different from being a "fan of functional programming", i.e. believing you should use current functional programming languages to build your projects, or whatever.
Usually I just search for the name of the puzzle I want to edit (which is also how you'd do it if it were a ton of different procedures).
Knowing the future in this case should usually mean that you have requests for a feature from customers, but you don't have time to do it in this version. At least that is something I find useful as a rule of thumb. If that is not the case, you should really think twice before making it flexible rather than simple.
That really resonates with me.
How long does it take you to write and test all those tests? Could you have been doing other things with that time? At 40 lines of functionality, the tests are going to be at least as big as the things you are testing (??), so what kind of a multiplier are you taking just on lines of code written? How much does that cost?
[I run a software company where I pay for the entire burn rate out of my own pocket. So these questions are less academic for me than they are for many people.]
I estimate I write about 2:1 unit tests to code in terms of tests to functions but tests should be quite a bit faster to write than the code they're testing. I think I'm at the low end of how much I test my code compared to other engineers, however.
Perhaps it is different in game development. One of the big advantage of writing tests is that you can aggressively refactor with confidence; if you're planning to stop improving your codebase once the game is released maybe this isn't an issue? Plus bugs are perhaps less of an issue if you inconvenience the gamer rather than lose someone cash, and maybe you aren't expecting to hand code over to new developers.
We test the hell out of our stuff, and it works way more reliably than most web sites I have ever seen. But we don't do it with unit tests, because unit tests are not very useful in complex systems, because they do not test anything hard!
The idea that unit tests are not very useful in complex systems is very controversial and goes against established best practice in software engineering, the advice of pretty much every authority in the field and empirical studies.
Only testing hard stuff is only half the battle. Unit tests also test basic assumptions and have other benefits like documenting intent. See /Code Complete/ for evidence for the need for multiple angles of testing.
The vast majority of programmers are male, so (ignoring that he can be used in a gender neutral way) it's natural to use he in such a situation. I'm not saying it's right or wrong -- I'm not sure what influence using gender-specific pronouns has. Although I will say that if someone used she when discussing a field that is dominated by women, like veterinary science, as a man I wouldn't feel excluded or put off from exploring the field if I had an interest in it. It's also interesting to note that the same furor over gender inequality in subjects like computer science isn't replicated when the shoe is on the other foot.
I think there is a tendency in western culture at the moment to confuse factual differences in behaviour between men and women with ethical issues about equal opportunity. Equal opportunity doesn't necessarily result in a 50/50 gender split in all fields. Christina H. Sommers puts it better than I can: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-6usiN4uoA
Also, I think this was kind of apropos. Seems like the English language isn't using the right levels of abstractions. There should be a true gender neutral pronoun, one that should be used when the gender specificity isn't relevant and should be hidden away behind the pronoun's abstraction. Its just not something we're familiar with, and that's really the only problem. Its hard to force language on people, when everyone learns language effortlessly as they grow up, nobody is used to putting effort in how they talk.
I don't think that's the only problem here. Consider this story: http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/08/03/student-facing-50-...
These sorts of situations are a direct result of the battle "to force language on people", and they are having a big effect on our society. Sethi paid a high cost for a single tweet that wasn't intended to be malicious in any way. And people who read such stories note this, and as a result feel like they must tread on eggshells, because, even though they aren't racist or sexist or any other ist, one small slip up may result in their entire education or career being put at risk.
A populous that is scared to say anything is much easier to control. And I think the powerful are going to get what they want with this. In a couple of decades, I think free speech will be a distant memory, and people like yourself will be questioning the future you helped bring about.
: that person
To defend my point a little: I invited them to consider their use of language, not tell them how to live their life.
I can tell you how I came to this view: I read around through philosophy, pop-psychology/self-help, nlp, linguistics, religion and science-fiction; I spoke with feminists; I spoke with trans-folk and their admirers; I looked at my assumptions as a younger person and found them wrong.
No, grammatically, "he" always has masculine gender [0]; its historically-accepted (though increasingly-less-so) semantics include use in reference to a person of unspecified (socially-ascribed) gender (classically, use of personal programs in English maps best to socially-ascribed gender, which has not taken gender identity much into account -- recently, there's been a move to align socially-ascribed gender with gender identity, but pronoun use basically follows the former which just happens to have a growing norm of also aligning with the latter.)
> "They" is plural
"They" is grammatically plural and gender-neutral, but has a very long history of accepted use with semantics of referring to an individual of unspecified (socially-ascribed) gender. This acceptance was somewhat reduced by the Victorian fad of Latin-inspired prescriptivism in English, but this reductions is among those of that fads effects that have been fading over recent decades.
[0] Note that grammatic gender is a distinct concept from either socially ascribed gender of a person, gender identity of a person, or biological sex of a person.
Given an HN reader took the trouble to email me their thanks for my comment, I respectfully disagree. To do this, they had find my email address by following some of my other comments, linking to a website, following through to github... The email they wrote was articulate. They put in real effort to say "thanks".
> "he" is a gender neutral pronoun when referring to a person of unspecified gender (as in other languages).
In some dictionaries, yes. A possible counter-argument to this is that the tradition of that usage comes from cultures with significant inbuilt misogyny.
> "They" is plural.
Sometimes. - https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/they - http://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-nonbin...
> "Ve" is not a word.
I can read it, write it, say it and find other like usages in numerous places. To me, that reflects most of the necessary facets of "a word". - https://genderneutralpronoun.wordpress.com - http://vevemvir.tumblr.com - http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Cultural/Art/eganrev.html - http://www.dictionary.com/browse/etymology - http://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Made-Up-Word
> "S/he" is awkward and unnecessary
Agreed. I dislike this form. A similar option is to alternate use of "he" and "she". This form is common, and probably the simplest. I wish I'd suggested it.
> we can argue that it is misandrous because you're capitalizing the "S" and prioritizing "She" over "he"
That was you, not me.
Singular "they" is a widely recognised usage.
And the idea that "he" is gender neutral always seemed to me like a post-rationalisation for people's androcentrism than any kind of well founded rule.