For the Nobel winning work on this from long ago, I heartily recommend:

  Hodgkin, A. L. (1958). The Croonian Lecture: Ionic Movements and Electrical Activity in Giant   Nerve Fibres. Biological Sciences, 148(930), 1–37. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/83088

This contains my absolute favorite figure caption ever:

A fresh and lively squid was taken out of the aquarium and immobilized by cutting the nerves connecting the head with the stellate ganglion. The mantle was opened ventrally by a single cut and was spread out under cooled oxygenated sea water in a transparent dish. Using a motor car headlamp to illuminate the animal and a binocular microscope to watch the penetration,...

I sometimes wonder if the phrase "they are an egg head" is not so much to do with baldness but more to do with knowledge and intelligence. Phosphatidylcholine (aka Lecithin found in Egg Yolk and elsewhere - 4 egg yolks a day to meet RDA levels) can do wonders for your cell membranes and Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) does wonders for your myelin sheaths. I'd be surprised if F1 drivers & fighter pilots werent supplementing above RDA levels with these. Using Potassium Chloride (sometimes called the good salt) helps one to relax in the evening, and sodium chloride as a pick me up in the morning. I wonder if this neuronal ion exchange is anything like the Sodium - Potassium ATPase pump found in other cells as they seem similar. Life is just a complex real-time chemical reaction.

How might the nervous system have evolved?

Wikipedia says: "Action potentials, which are necessary for neural activity, evolved in single-celled eukaryotes. These use calcium rather than sodium action potentials, but the mechanism was probably adapted into neural electrical signalling in multicellular animals. In some colonial eukaryotes such as Obelia electrical signals do propagate not only through neural nets, but also through epithelial cells in the shared digestive system of the colony."

So, the first "thought" was "hungry, want food"?

And everything we do to get to the 7/11 for snacks is built on that?

I read somewhere that a significant fraction of the energy budget of the human body is spent on ion pumps (the difference is that ion channels are passive and ion pumps uses energy in form of ATP). That's because keeping an electric potential[1] across the cell membrane drives the mechanism described in this post (and others, like muscle contraction)

Anyway an overview of ion transport mechanisms across the cell membrane is [2]

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

Interesting. I knew most of that more or less but didn't know the mechanism by which the myelin sheath speed up the propagation of action potentials but it makes sense.

I’m currently studying ion channels from a biophysical perspective for my PhD. Beyond their fascinating role in neuronal physiology, check out the incredible chemistry and biophysics! A great introduction is MacKinnon’s Nobel lecture: https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/mackinnon-lecture...

Remove the shadow from the website's title.

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