Airbnb Himeji: https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/himeji-a-scalable-cent... Carta's AuthZ system: https://medium.com/building-carta/authz-cartas-highly-scalab... Slack's architecture is a bit different, but solves some of the same challenges: https://slack.engineering/role-management-at-slack/

I've also talked to a number of teams who just implemented pattern 3 internally with a custom service. Generally they've determined it's worth it to centralize all authorization data (like roles, groups, etc) into one place and perform ALL permission checks there.

There are also some companies building essentially Zanzibar clones, like Auth0, Authzed, Ory Keto, and a few more.