'At the turn of the 21st century, IBM and Stanford University jointly demonstrated the first implementation of Shor’s Algorithm, a quantum algorithm that can factor large numbers into their prime components. That raised some big risks: The ability to execute the algorithm underpins the fears that quantum computers will be able to crack the encryption that has protected much of the world’s data for decades. But more broadly, the breakthrough proved that quantum computing is more than just theory. It was a massive milestone for the industry.

“We’ve had a long, proud history of mathematics here,” Gambetta says. “Think of algorithms as the foundation.”

IBM then began pushing quantum out of the lab and into the world. To date, the company has deployed 85 quantum systems, for use by more than 300 organizations, typically laboratories and educational institutions. That is up from last year’s tally of 75 deployments for 250 organizations.

The figures include both computers, which the company defines as systems with over 100 qubits, and devices with fewer than that amount. IBM has deployed 25 systems with more than 100 qubits. Google, perhaps IBM’s closest quantum rival, has deployed just two systems of that size.

IBM aims to lead on the quantum software front as well as in hardware. Gambetta says Qiskit, an open-source software stack for quantum computers that is based on the popular coding language Python, is one of its most popular offerings. At last check, Qiskit had been downloaded 13 million times and used to run over 3.8 trillion circuits on IBM Quantum systems.

Despite the progress, there are still plenty of puzzles for Gambetta’s team to solve. The biggest challenge for IBM and the industry is devising a quantum computer that can maintain normal operations even in the presence of errors, a concept known as fault tolerance. Today’s machines are too error-riddled for broad commercialization. The problem is in the qubits, whose quantum states are particularly sensitive to changes in the physical environment, meaning anything from electromagnetic fields to heat. That, in turn, causes computational errors.'

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