Tech note: making your own V-I plots at home(lcamtuf.substack.com) |
Tech note: making your own V-I plots at home(lcamtuf.substack.com) |
The ancient curve tracers, like the widely used Tektronix 576 or 577, could do things for which you would need much more expensive SMUs than that shown in TFA.
For example they could go up to voltages like 1500 V or 1600 V, to see the breakdowns of power transistors or diodes and they could apply very high powers during short pulses, e.g. up to 1000 W with the high current fixture, to see the V/I characteristics up to higher currents, like 200 A.
In general the most interesting parts of the V/I characteristics are towards higher voltages, to see the breakdown behavior, or towards higher currents, to see things like saturation voltages for bipolar transistors or minimum resistances for FETs and to see how the gain drops at higher currents.
A movie showing the use of a curve tracer:
Nice pictures with the same:
https://www.pa4tim.nl/meetapparatuur/tektronix-576-de-koning...
With a curve tracer you could measure the breakdown voltage of the transistor when connected with the emitter and the collector reversed and with open base, which is close to the breakdown voltage of the emitter-base junction.
Knowing this voltage, one can compute accurately the oscillation frequency of the relaxation oscillator from that article.
However, because that breakdown voltage is low, possibly under 10 V, it could also be measured with the setup from the parent article.
In all measurements of breakdown voltages, one must take care to configure the programmable voltage source for a low current limit, of at most a few mA, and also one must apply the breakdown voltage for only a short time, e.g. a few milliseconds at most, to avoid that the device under test overheats or even enters thermal breakdown, which results in irreversible damage.
Besides avoiding the destruction of the device under test, measuring an avalanche transistor needs an additional precaution.
While the breakdown of diodes and of the emitter-base or collector-base junctions of transistors are easy, because they happen at a fixed voltage, the measurement of the breakdown voltage of a bipolar transistor with open base are a little tricky, because they behave in a similar way with thyristors (SCRs), i.e. during breakdown there is a positive reaction which causes the voltage on the transistor to collapse. Thus there are 2 important values for the breakdown voltage, a maximum voltage and a minimum voltage.
These are easy to determine when you measure manually with a curve tracer, because you rotate the voltage button until the maximum breakdown voltage is reached, and then after the voltage drops you see on the screen the minimum breakdown voltage.
This is a little more difficult to measure when you must write a program to perform the measurement. The easiest is when the programmable source can be used as a current source with high resolution at low currents, when you set a voltage limit high enough and you increase linearly in time the current, from microamperes to at most a few mA, while measuring the voltage on the device. In this way you can measure the complete V/I characteristic, because the voltage is a function of the current, even if the current is not a function of the voltage, because at the same voltage up to 3 different currents are possible (the I/V curve has an S form).
If the programmable source does not have good resolution at small currents, than you can still measure, by raising slowly the voltage and trying to record the maximum reached value, then measuring the voltage that remains stable at a relatively high breakdown current.
That said today everything is pretty much digital, you have Acqiris/Agilent 1 GHz ADCs and all the measurements are done in software, but I still remember using my old 20 MHz HMAG oscilloscope in XY mode with a triangle voltage generator to plot IV curves in real-time. Good old times!
IMHO this is a wasted opportunity to write a solid book on the subject. The poking at existing literature and offering a “true” intuition is tiresome at best.
lcamtuf’s tendency to pick apart odd aspects of tech is drawn from the same type of curiosity that inspired me to learn most of what I know about tech.