"Long-term" is useless in economics since everything depends on your next earning call(s). If your figures are bad, you will probably let go, and there is no way to ensure continuity, since there can be no assurance that your successor(s) won't "pivot", as it is so nicely described here.

"Long-term" is equally useless in politics, were the next election date replaces your next earning call. You can promise all sorts of things that are supposed to happen after the next election, however, there is no way to ensure continuity. Your political successor(s) might continue, or they might not, instead reversing your policies and decisions. (edit: A good example is the UK's David Cameron right now, who promises a EU-referendum once he gets re-elected (and really, it should be if). Will he be elected? We will have to wait and see.)

Both our political and economic systems discourage long-term planning and thinking by focusing on short-sighted goals in the interest of present interests (be they stockholders' interests or politician's interests). Both systems are geared towards cementing one's own position of power (whether through money or policymaking), and long-term thinking is not particularly useful for that, simply because the further into the future the projected plans reach, the more uncertain they become.

Debt and entitlement fights are about how policy decisions made today will affect the solvency of programs like Medicare or Social Security decades from now.

Intellectual property fights are about whether making IP less lucrative will affect the rate of innovation over the long term--again, looking at decade time scales.

Tax fights are about the long-term impact on economic growth. No one thinks taxing the rich a few more percentage points will kill all the businesses overnight. The fear is that over time, it will reduce the pool of available capital to fund "big bet, big risk" investments.

Even fights over social issues like gay marriage are about the long-term moral health of our society.

A lot of these are expressed as short-term fights over self-imposed deadlines like the fiscal cliff, the debt limit, or the continuing resolution. But the reason the fights are so vicious is because both parties believe they are the ones truly thinking long-term.