Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption (1998)(people.csail.mit.edu) |
Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption (1998)(people.csail.mit.edu) |
Still, for all the crypto export nonsense, 1998 appears to have been a more innocent time:
> "But access to authentication keys is one thing that government has long agreed that they don't want to have."
How easy is it to produce a stream of messages that is fake but looks real?
He goes on to explain how to make it more efficient: If you need every "wheat" packet to reconstruct any part of the message, you can send a finite number of chaff packets (e.g. 1000) in random locations, which would make reconstructing a message of arbitrary length infeasible for an adversary that can't separate the wheat from the chaff other than by exhaustive search.
Couldn't it be easily defeated with contextual analysis? I mean, if it were English sentences, the attacker could just choose a set of packets that make grammatical sense. Or in more real-world examples, you'd just choose the packets that form a valid HTTP session.
To work around this, you'd have to choose your chaff packets to flow seamlessly from one to the other, which would make chaffing a really hard problem.
Wouldn't this be vulnerable to replay attacks, or am I missing something?
Combined with asymmetric encryption of the messages, you should be able to prevent that from happening.
This is not an authentication scheme.
The purpose of steganography is not to get noticed in the first place. It's orthogonal to regular cryptography.
The first transmits two tuples for every bit of the message. In pseudo-ish code:
for(i = 0; i < message_bits.length; ++i){
send( (sequence_number, 0, (message_bits[i] == 0? HMAC(shared_key, sequence_number . '0') : rand())) );
send( (sequence_number, 1, (message_bits[i] == 1? HMAC(shared_key, sequence_number . '1') : rand())) );
}
The second works in a slightly different way. You take a message, and transform it into a package in such a way that one must determine the entire package contents before being able to decode any part of the package. (Rivest's proposal for such an 'All-or-Nothing Transform' can be found in [1]).
Next, you packetize that transformed package. Rivest proposes blocks of 1024 bits, but it could be anything. The point is you can't send (2^1024 - 1) 'chaff' blocks, which would be required to not leak any information about a 1024-bit message block.
But, crucially, you must determine which is the correct block for every sequence number sent. So, if one includes just one 'chaff' block for each 'wheat' block (so there is one wheat and one chaff block for each sequence number), and sends n blocks, then an attacker who doesn't know the HMAC key would need to choose the right combination of blocks of all sequence numbers--a 1 in 2^n chance--before being able to decode your message.
If one splits an all-or-nothing transformed message into at least 256 blocks and sends one 'chaff' block with each 'wheat' block, you could be pretty sure the message remains confidential. Of course, this assumes all those pesky security assumptions about the random number generator, transform, and HMAC function hold up.
They deal with this problem by coding the message with single-bit packets, always contrasting 0s with 1s.
You could even encode info in plain text by the lengths of non-whitespace characters, modulo 2. As an example, try using the so-defined scheme on the letters count of this very sentence; they're encoding, repeatingly, S.O.S.
Posts of similar length as this one are enough to send a public key using ECDH and negotiate a shared secret for use with a block or stream cypher. You could then send short messages using this shared secret inconspicuously. Shannon entropy of English is about 1.5 bits per character so you could store quite a bit if you cared to compress it well before encrypting, preferably using a shared static dictionary.
(http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~ywang11/paper/CISS04_204.pdf)
(http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/305)
(http://vision.ece.ucsb.edu/publications/sullivan_ICIP06.pdf)
For example, if Ubuntu default installation would create a small (10mb?) sized volume filled with random bits and install an appropriate steganography tool designed to write/read encrypted data there, then it would enable anyone to hide some arbitrary data while having a file/software setup that's not distinguishable from millions of others in any way.
Good luck with that one. As a practical matter, this is unlikely to happen; hardly anyone requires steganography as part of their security solution (the MPAA stands out due to the use of watermarking). Email and online businesses were the killer app for public key cryptography; what killer app do you see for steganography?
Someone (preferably multiple organizations) should bundle steganography just because it's desperately needed for a tiny minority - doing so would not be because of a killer app but simply a service for public good, facilitating democracy, free speech, whistleblower protection, etc.
This is aligned with the stated ideals of multiple FOSS organizations, so it is feasible to assume that someone with popular widespread software (like, say, Firefox, Ubuntu or VLC) could do that for purely idealistic reasons. The software size is tiny, so the distribution overhead would be trivial while making a serious strategic change. Do it just because it can be done.
Imagine you wanted to leak something but don't want to attract attention to yourself. You could encrypt it (with the public key of the organization you want to leak to), hide it with steganography and then upload the result to some public place you know the organization would be monitoring.
If you had ready access to tools to do so you could do all that inconspicuously.
I don't think you can fix a social problem with a technical fix. Innocent until proven guilty (of a crime with a victim please!) has to apply to employment law and clearances. Otherwise we are building a group of criminals who can honestly be believed when they say they are willing to violate the constitution to protect executive branch interests.
The trouble with the Snowden case is that the NSA now has more power to filter its employees/contracts in order to further violate the terms of the agreement.
Even drastic action would not fix it. Impeach the entire chain up the executive branch and the next one will be more secretive and let Hoover shine as the simple misunderstood Prom Queen he wanted to be.
I just hope Obama's actions will ruin him and this nonsense about replacing the President with an outsider. If that suddenly gets you an honest system instead of a cynical President, then kissing the frog must work too.
Why would I download a security specific image?
If you want to be as secure as possible, download the smallest possible system that can bootstrap the compiler then build out from source, retaining all source and looking for variances when you recompile.
Personally, I don't much care. I am not looking for a technical solution. I am looking for a social upheavel in the form of citizens visibly exercising rights: http://www.aeinstein.org/ to finally end the cold war mentality in the US government.
By contrast, a USB flash drive or micro-SD card is tiny, easy to set up surreptitiously, gives you a channel for a whole lot of data, and doesn't usually leave much evidence after you hand it over to the recipient. I'd hazard that people who care enough to strip-search you for unauthorized mass-storage devices at the door could probably also detect your steganography too, if it comes down to it.
I would imagine that there are really very few circumstances related to whistle-blowing when it would make sense to choose steganography. It seems more appropriate for espionage situations where a deep-cover field agent really, really needs to receive messages through a channel that's essentially untrackable (e.g. classified ads in a newspaper).
1. Write a normal message discussing his favorite videogame on Ars Technica.
2. Encode his public key in it.
3. Use the WL public key (already available to him via the hypothetical stegano-crypto suite in common distros) to derive a shared secret.
4. Use the secret to encode and hide 20 top secret slides in his holiday family photos and upload them to his flickr account.
5. Write another post on Ars discussing some other videogame, hiding in it the URL to his flickr photos.
6. Meanwhile, WL monitors the several thousand posts per day on the most used internet forums, and detects a possible public key and tries to decrypt all the messages within the next 24 with the common secret that could be derived using it. One of them has correct checksum after decryption and gives the URL to the photos.
7. WL also daily randomly visits several thousand photos on flickr, including this time the one with the sent URL. After it gets it, it uses the shared secret and gets the message.
This whole process could be accomplished without leaving the room, without transmitting any suspicious data or contacting suspicious addresses, and would be indistinguishable from his normal online activity. As long as his computer or the WL private key are not compromised it should be perfectly untraceable.
I fail to see how arranging for a microsd card to be sent over to WL would be easier to accomplish, assuming he could be tracked and recorded constantly.
If it comes to wasting 2 MB per CD on the odd chance it could aid a whistleblower of similar importance every couple of decades, I'm all for it.
1) ars technica post with encoded public key 2) ars technica post with shared secret of some kind 3) ars technica post with hidden url 4) flickr photos of size (visible_resolution + resolution_of_hidden_images + any_salt)--way larger than they should be
This is without mentioning that in order to use this system, he has to have either already contacted wl to set it up (just moving that risk to some other time) or wl has to have indicated that messages of those kinds will be read (ensuring that the nsa knows too, and is paying attention).
Sure, with TrueCrypt on your laptop's drive you have lots of data and you can just say "I'm just securing my hard disk against loss, there's no hidden partition" and that'd be one thing. That's fine. But if you work for the TLA and they're reverse-engineering the latest leak and they find out that you've been posting lots of JPEGs and there statistically more entropy in the low bits of the pixels than would be anticipated given traditional JPEG encoding libraries ... then you might have some serious 'splainin to do.
A USB drive does not suffer that flaw. It can only leak the existence of a transmission to people who can physically see it. Isn't the goal of steganography hiding messages? Now you can physically hide the message...
You can even send it in the mail for at most a couple dollars' worth of stamps, without any direct way to trace it back to you. And then they have one chance to intercept it (which you can surely render tamper-evident in some manner.)
This is why I consider a working public steganography protocol so important. Using a very short message you could arrange the sd card to be dropped at some random place and know that somebody would come back in a couple of days to retrieve it. Encoded with ordinary simple text, using messages of typical lengths on popular, public websites. There are just too little bits of encoded information there to be statistically significant.
I'm not so worried about statistical analysis of how natural sounding or typical or expected the text you're producing is, as it would be a very difficult problem considering it requires a good understanding of natural languages to be done well automatically. What would be really problematic is that WL may very well be infiltrated and the private key compromised. Then you would be really screwed.
[1] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/us/monitoring-of-snail-mai...
If you'd like, you could also identify a separate, known Wikileaks sympathizer and mail the encrypted data to them, requesting that they forward it? They could be quite brazen about it, as they are at no risk of being identified. And there are many Wikileaks sympathizers in the world; the government may be scanning their envelopes but they're not inspecting and opening all of them.
There is also no prior need to contact WL--this is the whole point of the scheme. All this is public so NSA is supposed to be well aware of WL monitoring all these messages. That's why he would be encoding using wordlengths modulo 2 (see my post below) so they are statistically indistinguishable from normal text. NSA would not be able to detect suspicions activity without having the WL private key.
Also, there is no need to raise undue suspicion by using untypical photo sizes as he can publish as many and as different files (e.g. video, music, etc.) as he requires once the harder process of establishing channel of communication with WL has already been accomplished.